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<p><strong>Expert Observer</strong></p>

<h2><strong>National accounts</strong></h2>

<p><strong><u>‘V-shaped’ recovery:</u> </strong>The Australian economy (as measured by gross domestic product or GDP) grew by 3.1 per cent in the December quarter (consensus: +2.5 per cent) after rising 3.4 per cent in the September quarter and contracting 7 per cent in the June quarter. It was the biggest six-month lift in GDP since quarterly records began in 1959. GDP is still 1.1 per cent smaller than a year ago.</p>

<p><strong><u>Annual result:</u> </strong>In 2020, the economy contracted 2.5 per cent (biggest fall since 1947) after growing 1.9 per cent in 2019.</p>

<p><strong><u>Contribution to growth</u>: </strong>The biggest contributions to growth came from household spending (+2.3 percentage points); business equipment (+0.3pp); ownership transfer costs, dwellings, government consumption (all +0.2pp); and public investment (+0.1pp). But detracting from growth was net exports, commercial construction and inventories (all -0.1pp).</p>

<p>[smartcode_project:default project_id=7275]</p>

<p><strong><u>Income:</u> </strong>Real net national disposable income rose by 4.9 per cent in the December quarter and was up by 2.1 per cent on the year. In nominal terms GDP rose by 4.2 per cent in the quarter and rose by 0.6 per cent over the year.</p>

<p><strong><u>Productivity:</u> </strong>GDP per hours worked was flat in the December quarter but was up by 2.5 per cent on the year.</p>

<p><strong><u>Industry sectors:</u> </strong>Seventeen of the 19 industry sectors grew in the December quarter. The biggest contribution to the overall increase in output came from <em>Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing</em> (+0.5 percentage points) from <em>Professional, Scientific and Technical Services and Administrative and Support Services </em>(both +0.3pp). Output fell 1.0 per cent in <em>Mining</em> in the quarter with <em>Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services</em> down 0.9 per cent.</p>

<p>[smartcode_project:default project_id=92985]</p>

<h2><strong>What does it all mean?</strong></h2>

<p>It has been a most curious period for the Australian economy. After entering recession in the first half of 2020, the economy roared back in the final six months of the year. Clearly it has been all about Covid-19. Australian governments and the central bank responded quickly in locking down the economy and in providing the support and stimulus to families and businesses. The moves to suppress the virus were effective as were the support and stimulus measures.</p>

<p><img alt="" height="977" src="https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/pictures/article-images/record_gdp_commsec.jpg" width="1200"></p>

<p>The ‘V-shaped’ nature of the recovery is everywhere to see – economic growth, the job market, retail spending and the housing market. The Reserve Bank acknowledges that the recovery has been stronger than expected.</p>

<p>But the job is not done. The economy is still around 1 per cent smaller than a year ago. Unemployment is still too high; inflation and wage growth are still too low. But the forward indicators like job ads and business and consumer surveys are positive.</p>

<p>We expect the economy to rebound 4.2 per cent in 2021 after contracting 2.5 per cent in 2020. Much still depends on Aussies doing the right thing with social distancing measures. The vaccine roll-out is in the infancy. And then there is the risk posed by mutant strains of the virus.</p>

<p>[smartcode_project:default project_id=2772]</p>

<p>Stimulus and support measures are still very much required, and any scale-back needs to be carefully managed. The Reserve Bank certainly hasn’t changed its rhetoric. Rates will remain low for another three years. Bond buying will continue. Cheap loans will remain under offer to business.  </p>

<p>The all-important jobless rate is expected to ease from 6.4 per cent currently to 5.7 per cent by the end of 2021. While still high, clearly it is moving in the right direction. But spare capacity will remain in the job market for a few more years, keeping the cash rate anchored at 0.1 per cent.  </p>

<p>Craig James is the chief economist at CommSec</p>
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We expect the economy to rebound 4.2 per cent in 2021 after contracting 2.5 per cent in 2020

Joel Robinson

Biggest economic rebound on record: CommSec's Craig James

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<p>Expert Observer</p>

<p>The Q4 National Accounts confirmed a brisk rebound in activity.</p>

<p>GDP printed at 3.1%qtr, -1.1%yr.</p>

<p>This was above expectations, market median and Westpac 2.5%.</p>

<p>[smartcode_project:default project_id=7275]</p>

<p>As we had flagged, the risks were to the upside – with the expenditure partials having surprised to the high side. That is how it played out.</p>

<p>The key theme, the economy rebounded rapidly through Q3, +3.4%, and Q4, +3.1%, with considerable momentum into 2021.</p>

<p>Consumers and businesses are upbeat, state governments are spending up, the housing market is red hot and the vaccine roll-out is underway.</p>

<p>Success on the health front has permitted the rolling back of most, but not all, covid restrictions. Victoria emerging from a second lock-down boosted activity in Q4 and will do so again in Q1.</p>

<p>[smartcode_project:default project_id=92985]</p>

<p>The recovery broadened in Q4:</p>

<p>(1) home building, up 4.1%, following a +1.6% for Q3, the first gains since June 2018, in response to cheap credit and government incentives, and</p>

<p>(2) business investment advanced, up 2.6%, led by equipment spending, +8.1%, in response to the accelerated depreciation allowance. That follows a string of negatives.</p>

<p>Real estate activity (ownership transfer costs) surged a further 15.2%, after a 21.6% rebound in Q3, to be 15.3% higher over the year – with the established housing market booming.</p>

<p>Consumer’s ability and willingness to spend is the key dynamic – certainly the relaxing of covid restrictions provides consumers with more opportunities to spend.</p>

<p>[smartcode_project:default project_id=2772]</p>

<p>The household saving ratio spiked to 22% in Q2, on the drop in spending associated with the lock-down and the wave of government income support. The savings rate moderated to 18.7% in Q3 and retraced to 12% in Q4 and will unwind further in 2021.</p>

<p>The critically important point, while there was a tapering of government support in Q4, which saw business profits moderate off a high level, consumers have a sizeable savings buffer to fund a further lift in spending – and that is what they are choosing to do.</p>

<p>The consumer picture was largely as expected with spending posting another strong gain, led by normalising conditions in Victoria, and despite a material drag on incomes from reduced fiscal supports.</p>

<p>Total consumption rose 4.3%qtr to be down just 2.7%yr. Victoria posted a 10.4% gain in the quarter, spending up 2.3%qtr across the other states combined.</p>

<p>The spending detail was a little stronger than expected around vehicles and retail but a touch softer than expected on services.</p>

<p>[smartcode_project:default project_id=24323]</p>

<p>Around incomes, wages rose 1.4%qtr with a strong increase in employment and hours worked more than offsetting initial drags from the wind-back in JobKeeper support. However real disposable income – including small business and non wage incomes and net of interest and tax – recorded a sizeable 3.3% fall. The rise in spending was thus funded out of a reduction in new savings, the savings rate falling from 18.7% in Q3 to 12% in Q4</p>

<p>Public demand continues to be a growth driver, up 1.0% in the quarter and a very brisk 6.5% over the year, in part driven by the response to covid.</p>

<p>Net exports were a small negative, -0.1ppt, as imports roared back, +4.9%, to meet the brisk rebound in domestic demand. Inventories, in total, subtracted -0.1ppt.</p>

<p>In other detail, the Expenditure measure of GDP printed at 3.0%, Income at 3.3% and Production at 3.1%.</p>

<p>Andrew Hanlan is a senior economist at Westpac.</p>
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Consumers and businesses are upbeat, state governments are spending up, the housing market is red hot and the vaccine roll-out is underway.

December quarter sees GDP grow 3.1%: Westpac's Andrew Hanlan's insights

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<p>This month brought more evidence that the rebalancing act is continuing. Q1 GDP confirmed that household consumption is growing solidly, dwelling investment is in a strong upswing and resource export volumes are ramping up, as new capacity comes on line. The lift in these areas has more than offset the drag from falling mining and public investment, leaving solid GDP growth in the first quarter (0.9% q-o-q), although it was still below trend over the year (2.3% y-o-y).</p>
<p>More timely indicators provided signs that the RBA's February and May rate cuts have been feeding through to a further lift in the housing market. Housing prices rose by 9.8% y-o-y in June and building approvals reached a new record high in May. Business surveys showed improving conditions and confidence in May, which could reflect the impact of this year's rate cuts as well as the government's more pro-growth budget. On a less positive side, retail sales were quite weak in April.</p>
<p>The clearest sign of improving conditions has been in the labour market, with jobs growth running at a three-and-a-half-year high of 2.0% y-o-y in May. At this rate, jobs growth has been sufficient to keep the unemployment rate steady at 6.0% to 6.2% in recent months. The services sectors are leading job creation as mining employment declines. At the same time, however, wages growth is at a multi-decade low. This weak wages growth reflects the build- up of spare capacity in the labour market, but may also explain why jobs growth is lifting, as lower wages encourage greater hiring.</p>
<p>The lift in activity and steadying of the unemployment rate are expected to keep the RBA on hold this month. If these improving trends continue, as is our central case, we expect that the RBA will not need to deliver further cuts in this easing phase. However, low wages growth means that inflation is likely to remain benign, which is likely to leave the RBA with an 'easing bias'. The central bank is expected to continue to express concern about strong housing price growth, particularly in Sydney, and the still high level of the AUD.</p>
<p><a href="/images/2015/07/03/Screen%20Shot%202015-07-03%20at%209.12.40%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/2015/07/03/Screen%20Shot%202015-07-03%20at%209.12.40%20AM.png" alt="" width="709" height="308"></p>
<p>Jobs growth lifting, but wage inflation is low</p>
<p><span style="line-height: 1.3em;">Most of the activity indicators published this month showed positive results. In particular, there are increasingly convincing signs that the labour market is improving. The monthly labour force survey showed that 234k jobs have been created over the past year, implying jobs growth of 2.0% y-o-y, which has been enough to get the unemployment rate to stabilise (Chart 1 and 2). The quarterly labour market survey confirmed that although mining jobs are being cut, this is being more than offset by job creation in the services sectors. Business surveys also showed an improvement in conditions and confidence, which is likely to reflect the more pro-growth Federal budget delivered in May as well as the impact of the RBA's 50bp of rate cuts in the first half (Chart 3).</span><br><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em;">Although timely indicators suggest a lift in domestic demand and jobs growth, wages growth is at its lowest level in at least two decades (Chart 4). To some degree, this is just part of the needed adjustment to get a lift in jobs growth. However, lower wages growth should also be expected to put downward pressure on inflation, leaving the RBA with the option of cutting rates further, or at least keeping rates on hold for longer.</span></p>
<p><a href="/images/2015/07/03/Screen%20Shot%202015-07-03%20at%209.15.19%20AM.png" target="_blank"><span style="line-height: 1.3em;">Click to enlarge</span></a></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 1.3em;"><img src="/images/2015/07/03/Screen%20Shot%202015-07-03%20at%209.15.19%20AM.png" alt="" width="790" height="370"></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="/images/2015/07/03/Screen%20Shot%202015-07-03%20at%209.16.16%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/2015/07/03/Screen%20Shot%202015-07-03%20at%209.16.16%20AM.png" alt="" width="864" height="397"></p>
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<p><span>In 'wait and watch' mode </span></p>
<span style="line-height: 1.3em;">The combination of having already delivered 50bp of cuts in H1 and the more positive domestic numbers are expected to keep the RBA firmly on hold next week. We expect the RBA to be in 'wait and watch' mode, as it seeks more information about the full impact of the cuts it has already delivered this year.</span><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em;">We expect the central bank to also express continued concern over the exuberance of the housing markets in Sydney and Melbourne, where price growth is still rapid (Chart 5). While the prudential regulator has been gradually tightening micro-prudential settings, the Sydney market and parts of Melbourne are still showing excessive exuberance. On the margin, this concern is likely to keep the RBA on hold.</span>
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<br><span style="line-height: 1.3em;">Working in the other direction, the RBA is likely to remain concerned about the still high level of the AUD. On our assessment, the central bank would be more comfortable with the AUD at around 68-70 USD cents (it is currently trading at 76 USD cents), so it is still about 10% higher than it would like (Chart 6). As the RBA has recently pointed out, a sustained lower currency is seen as necessary to encourage a solid lift in non-mining business investment intentions, which is the next stage of the rebalancing act.</span>
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<br><span style="line-height: 1.3em;">Although developments in Greece may get a passing reference in the post-meeting statement, they are unlikely to be of particular relevance to local policy. There may, however, be an increased focus on China, given recent policy moves and volatility in the stock market.</span>
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<a href="/images/2015/07/03/Screen%20Shot%202015-07-03%20at%209.18.45%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a><br><p><span><img src="/images/2015/07/03/Screen%20Shot%202015-07-03%20at%209.18.45%20AM.png" alt=""></span></p>
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<div class="column"><em>Paul Bloxham is chief economist for HSBC in Australia and New Zealand.</em></div>
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

The RBA's rebalancing act continues: HSBC's Paul Bloxham

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<p><span>GUEST OBSERVER</span></p>
<p><span>Today’s headline print for Q1 was weak, with real GDP growth of 0.3% q-o-q and 1.7% y-o-y (market had 1.6%). </span></p>
<p><span>But most of the weakness is weather-related and therefore temporary. Cyclone Debbie and wet weather on the East coast weighed on housing construction and exports. </span></p>
<p><span>Timely indicators already suggest a bounce back. </span></p>
<p><span>A clearer read of underlying conditions may be gleaned from surveyed business conditions, which are around decade-highs. And why shouldn’t they be? Corporate profits are up 30% y-o-y and nominal GDP rose by 7.7% y-o-y, its fastest pace in over five years.</span></p>
<p><span> Add to this, Australia just set a new record for developed world growth, with a 26 year boom! If yesterday’s RBA announcement is any guide, the central bank is largely ignoring the volatile, weather-effected GDP numbers and looking at the business and labour market surveys, which still show trend improvement. We see the RBA on hold this year and a hike in early 2018.</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/06/08/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-08%20at%207.57.24%20AM.png" target="_blank"><span>Click to enlarge</span></a></p>
<p><span><img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/06/08/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-08%20at%207.57.24%20AM.png" alt=""></span></p>
<p><span>Facts </span></p>
<p><span>Real GDP rose by 0.3% q-o-q in Q1, to be 1.7% higher y-o-y. </span></p>
<p><span>Household consumption rose 0.5% q-o-q to be 2.3% higher y-o-y. Dwelling investment fell by -4.4% q-o-q and -2.5% y-o-y. Business investment rose 0.7% q-o-q but was down -2.8% y-o-y. Public demand lifted by 0.2% q-o-q and 5.3% y-o-y. Overall, domestic demand (GNE) rose 0.8% q-o-q and 2.4% y-o-y. This was the strongest annual rate of growth in GNE since Q4 2012. </span></p>
<p><span>Net exports were a significant drag on growth in the quarter, with export volumes falling 1.6% q- o-q and imports lifting by 1.6%. Net exports subtracted -0.7ppts from the quarterly growth rate and 0.4ppts from year-ended growth. </span></p>
<p><span>Real gross domestic income rose by 1.7% q-o-q to be 6.5% higher y-o-y. Real net national disposable income per capita rose by 0.8% q-o-q and 4.0% y-o-y. </span></p>
<p><span>Nominal GDP rose by 2.3% q-o-q and 7.7% y-o-y, boosted by a 6.6% q-o-q and 24.8% y-o-y lift in the terms of trade. </span></p>
<p><span>The household saving ratio fell from 5.1% to 4.7%. </span></p>
<p><span>Implications </span></p>
<p><span>Australia’s sets 26-year growth record! That could have been the headline for this piece. Having just clicked past 103 quarters of continuous GDP growth without a technical recession, Australia has just overtaken the Netherlands to have the longest boom of any developed economy. For those interested, the Dutch economy had 102 quarters of continuous expansion between 1982 and the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (although there is some debate about whether the Dutch had a technical recession in 2003). Whatever the technicalities, the bottom line is that Australia has now had the longest boom (Chart 1). </span></p>
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<p><span>Instead, the market is focused on the weak quarterly print, which has been largely driven by the weather! Hence our title. </span></p>
<p><span>Today’s numbers showed that real GDP growth slowed to 0.3% in Q1, from 1.1% in Q4 2016. Of course, the 1.1% was a bit overstated, as it was a bounce back from the surprising -0.4% fall in Q3 2016. As the RBA stated yesterday, the slowdown in GDP growth partly reflects the ‘quarter-to-quarter variation in the growth figures’. </span></p>
<p><span>This is true, but unusual weather also played a role. Cyclone Debbie and very wet weather on the east coast appear to have weighed on housing construction, which fell by -4.4% q-o-q, and on exports, which were down -1.6% q-o-q (Chart 2 and 3). Retail spending fell sharply in Queensland in March. Part of this is likely to continue into Q2, as coal exports fell in April, although there are already signs of a bounce back in retail sales in April and coal exports in May. </span></p>
<p><span>The underlying trends for real GDP are more positive. After a number of years of mining investment weighing on overall investment, the business investment numbers are now starting to rise. The decline in mining investment is almost done and non-mining business investment is showing a modest lift in momentum. For more on our views on this see: </span><span>'Downunder Digest: Australia's next investment upswing', 21 March 2017</span><span>.</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/06/08/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-08%20at%207.59.59%20AM.png" target="_blank"><span>Click to enlarge</span></a></p>
<p><span><img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/06/08/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-08%20at%207.59.59%20AM.png" alt=""></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span>Although the volume numbers have been volatile and knocked around by the weather the income numbers in the GDP figures were unquestionably strong. Corporate profits rose by a very strong 30% y-o- y, supported by the rise in commodity prices over the previous year. This has lifted nominal GDP to its fastest rate of growth in over five years at 7.7% y-o-y (Chart 4). The lift in corporate profits helps to explain why business investment is starting to pick up. The rise in profits is also extending a bit beyond the mining industry, with profits in the finance and insurance and professional services industries also lifting. </span></p>
<p><span>The rise in corporate profits helps to explain why surveyed business conditions have continued to improve and most of the labour market measures are trending higher. The collection of Australian Industry Group surveys, which are now published for May, suggest business conditions were still at around decade-high levels in May (Chart 5). </span></p>
<p><span>The key challenge remains that, although corporate profits and nominal GDP have picked up, largely driven by the rise in commodity prices, this has yet to show up in wages growth. Compensation of employees rose in Q1, following a fall in Q4 2016, but is still running at a weak 1.5% y-o-y. At this stage there is little evidence of the boost to national incomes is flowing through to households (Chart 6).</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2017/06/08/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-08%20at%208.00.50%20AM.png" target="_blank"><span>Click to enlarge</span></a></p>
<p><span><img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2017/06/08/Screen%20Shot%202017-06-08%20at%208.00.50%20AM.png" alt=""></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span>However, as the chart shows, history suggests that it will. Yesterday’s decision to lift the minimum wage by more than in previous rounds may very well be the first sign of this starting to happen. For more the wages outlook see: </span><span>'Downunder Digest: Show me the money', 20 April 2017</span><span>. </span></p>
<p><span>We expect growth to pick up in the second half, following the weather-effected weakness in the first half. We expect this to push the unemployment rate lower and to drive a modest rise in wages growth in the second half. We expect the RBA to be on hold this year and to lift its cash rate in early 2018. </span></p>
<p><span><em><a href="https://www.about.hsbc.com.au/hsbc-in-australia/management-team" target="_blank">PAUL BLOXHAM</a> IS CHIEF ECONOMIST (AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND) FOR HSBC. </em></span></p>
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<p><span> </span></p>
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Blame the weather and then ignore it: HSBC's Paul Bloxham on the GDP

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<p>GUEST OBSERVER</p>
<p>Advanced economies have essentially been in a low growth, low inflation and low interest rate nexus since 2008. There have been a few oscillations along the way, but the trend has been consistent throughout.</p>
<p>The Australian economy was able to decouple from the “3 lows” for much of that period due to a mining investment boom that left the economy with little spare capacity. As a result, growth, inflation and interest rates were significantly higher in Australia than in the G7 economies. But that has since changed and Australia has transitioned to the low inflation and low interest rate world, says the latest note from CBA Economics.</p>
<p><a href="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.12.07%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.12.07%20AM.png" alt=""></p>
<p>While GDP growth in Australia has been solid, if not spectacular, domestic demand growth has been soft. And while the unemployment rate has trended down recently, it is still stuck above the level associated with full employment.</p>
<p><a href="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.13.36%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.13.36%20AM.png" alt=""></p>
<p>In other words, there is slack in the Australian economy and this has led to record low wages growth and underlying inflation now running below the RBA’s 2-3 percent pa target band. The RBA has responded by cutting its policy rate to a record low of 1¾ percent. The latest rate cut can be put down to a change in the RBA’s assessment on the outlook for inflation because the Bank significantly downgraded its inflation forecasts in the May Statement on Monetary Policy (SMP). As a result, we expect further rate cuts to come in 2016 as the central bank seeks to further stimulate the economy. We see the RBA cutting to 1¼%.</p>
<p>This note explores the issues around spare capacity, wages and inflation in Australia and the implications for monetary policy.</p>
<p><a href="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.14.36%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.14.36%20AM.png" alt=""></p>
<p><strong>Spare capacity and the labour market</strong></p>
<p>Labour market outcomes provide key indicators of spare capacity in an economy. In particular, the unemployment and underemployment rates are measures that show how far an economy is operating below its potential.</p>
<p>The unemployment rate that is commensurate with an economy producing around its potential output is generally associated with stable inflation. It is referred to as the ‘non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment’ (NAIRU). The most recent OECD estimates of the NAIRU in Australia put it at 5.3 percent and Treasury estimates it to be 5.0 percent. Whichever way you slice it, the unemployment rate in Australia has been above the NAIRU for the past three years even though it is low by historic standards.</p>
<p>The underemployment rate, however, remains near its highest level on record. This indicates that the Australian economy is operating below its capacity and an output gap has opened up. This has had implications for wages and inflation.</p>
<p>While the output gap in the US has been closing (and core inflation has lifted a little), the reverse has happened in Australia over the past two years. An output gap has opened up primarily due to the end of the labour-intensive mining investment boom and resultant impact on jobs and domestic demand. GDP growth has been solid over that period, but domestic demand growth has been soft.</p>
<p>Decent GDP growth and weak domestic demand growth is reconciled by the strong contribution to growth from net exports. The big lift in resource export volumes is great for headline GDP growth. But mining production is not labour intensive like mining investment. As such, productivity in the resources sector has lifted, but headcount has fallen.</p>
<p>The underemployment rate tends to fly under the radar, but it’s a very usual measure of labour market slack. It provides a gauge of the proportion of people who are employed people but whose labour is not fully utilised. It is near its highest level on record. The sum of the unemployment rate and the underemployment rate produces the underutilisation rate which is the broadest measure of spare capacity in the labour market – it is high and presently sits above the level hit during the Global Financial Crisis.</p>
<p>The lift in underutilisation is also captured through the step down in average hours worked by full-time workers from late-2011. Average hours worked of full-time workers remains well down on its late-2011 peak.</p>
<p><strong>Implications for wages</strong></p>
<p>The lift in the unemployment rate and associated increase in spare capacity in the labour market has contributed to a slowdown in wages growth (both real and nominal). Since mid-2010, wages growth has eased and is currently running at its lowest annual rate since the 1990s recession.</p>
<p>The decline in wages growth has been broad-based across the private and public sectors, though the public sector slowdown has not been as pronounced. Most industries have experienced a slowdown in wages growth and the Wage Price Index is growing at a flaccid 2.1 percent pa (as at QI 2016).</p>
<p>The picture appears even softer when looking at Average Weekly Earnings (AWEs) which are running at just 1.5 percent pa. The WPI measures changes in wages across a range of industries (just like the CPI picks up price changes for a basket of goods), but it doesn’t pick up compositional changes in the labour market. AWEs, however, do. Growth in AWEs has declined by more than growth in the WPI because of the shift in jobs away from higher paying mining-related jobs towards lower paid services sector jobs.</p>
<p>The slowdown in wages growth due to a lift in spare capacity and increase in the unemployment rate was expected. But the historical relationship between wages growth and the unemployment rate suggests that wages growth has slowed by a lot more than would have usually been expected. We think that there are a few reasons for this. First, a more flexible labour force enables firms’ greater scope to limit wages growth due to slackness in the labour market. It may be that workers are willing to take lower wages growth for job security.</p>
<p>Second, the underutilisation rate has risen by more than the increase in the unemployment rate meaning that the change in the unemployment rate alone is not fully capturing the lift in spare capacity in the labour market. Third, job security fears have risen substantially over the past few years. Employees are less likely to look to negotiate a pay rise while job security fears are elevated. Finally, the terms-of-trade has fallen significantly which means that nominal income growth has supressed across the economy. This has effectively crushed wages growth by more than would have otherwise been the case.</p>
<p><a href="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.15.38%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.15.38%20AM.png" alt=""></p>
<p><strong>Implications for inflation</strong></p>
<p>Headline inflation has slowed considerably in Australia and has been running below the RBA’s target band for the past six consecutive quarters. Underlying inflation has also slowed and the most recent print (QI) showed it was running at just 1.5 percent pa.</p>
<p>The impact of declining wages growth as a result of a lift in spare capacity has put downward pressure on non-tradables (i.e domestic) inflation. At the same time, tradables inflation has slowed primarily because of a big fall in the price of oil. This muted the impact that the lower AUD was expected to have on tradables inflation. The relationship between non-tradables inflation and wages growth is depicted in the chart opposite. As spare capacity in the labour market has lifted, wages growth has slowed and dragged down the rate of domestic inflation with it.</p>
<p>We expect domestic inflation pressures to remain weak primarily because spare capacity in the labour market will keep a lid on wages costs. Wages growth is unlikely to lift until the unemployment rate gets closer to the NAIRU. And we are some way off that. In fact, falling inflation expectations in Australia points to some further weakness in wages growth.</p>
<p>The NAB survey of businesses suggests that there has been a sharp decline in long run inflation expectations. Almost 70 percent of Australian businesses surveyed expect inflation to average less than 3 percent over the long run, more than double the proportion before 2012. Business long run expectations for inflation has been a good predictor for wage inflation and suggests earnings growth may slow further in 2016 (see chart opposite).</p>
<p>There are other forces, too, that are weighing on inflation. Rental growth, for example, has slowed considerably because dwelling supply has lifted, particularly in the apartment space. With further supply to hit the market over the next 18 months, rent inflation should remain weak. So there aren’t any forces on the near term horizon that point to a lift in inflation. Eventually the large fall in oil prices will ‘wash through’ the quarterly data prints. But even so, we expect the pulse of headline and underlying inflation to remain soft.</p>
<p><a href="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.16.53%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/2016/06/21/Screen%20Shot%202016-06-21%20at%2011.16.53%20AM.png" alt=""></p>
<p><strong>Implications for monetary policy</strong></p>
<p>The degree of spare capacity in the economy is an important consideration for monetary policy because it is the primary driver of domestic inflation. The RBA’s rate cut in May came purely down to the Bank’s concerns about entrenched low inflation and disinflation risks. Growth and labour market trends didn’t signal that more rate cuts were forthcoming. Indeed, falling inflation against an unemployment rate that is trending lower is rare.</p>
<p>The Minutes of the May Board Meeting suggest that the decision to cut rates was a finely balanced one. Specifically, “members discussed the merits of adjusting policy at this meeting or awaiting further information before acting”.</p>
<p>So the 50/50 market pricing going into the meeting was probably right. But the May SMP, published a few days after the rate cut, suggests that further policy easing is coming. The Bank made material downgrades to its inflation forecasts in the SMP, shaving ½ppt off its near term underlying and headline inflation forecasts. The RBA now expects both underlying and headline inflation to be 1-2 percent pa over 2016 (below the Bank’s target band). This points to further rate cuts, in our view.</p>
<p>Since the May interest rate cut a number of prominent economists, policymakers and commentators have come out questioning the RBA’s latest rate cut. Indeed, former RBA Governor Ian Macfarlane stated that, “the inflation targeting approach says that if inflation forecasts are below target, we should run an easy monetary policy – we already have that.</p>
<p>It doesn't say that each time we receive an inflation statistic showing it is below target, we have to cut interest rates." And former RBA Governor Bernie Fraser stated that, “I was a bit surprised by the rate cut on budget day because of the ambiguity that such a move is likely to create in the public mind. I wouldn't myself have been concerned about a short period of under 2 per cent inflation – not in the slightest.”</p>
<p>These comments are interesting food for thought. Indeed, we have our own view on whether the RBA should have eased policy in May. But for us market economists, what primarily matters is calling what the RBA is likely to do next and not what we think they should do. As such, we expect further monetary policy easing and have pencilled in two more rate cuts that would take the cash rate to just 1¼ percent. Current market pricing is indicating a terminal cash rate of 1.42 percent.</p>
<p>As always, the timing of picking rate moves is pretty tough. But we favour August and November as these dates follow CPI updates. In our view, all rate meetings over the near term are “live” and activity data will play a role in shaping market expectations and pricing over coming months.</p>
<p><em><span>Gareth Aird is e</span><span>conomist at Commonwealth Bank and can be contacted <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://au.linkedin.com/pub/gareth-aird/14/790/905" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></em></p>
<p> </p>
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Why spare capacity is driving wages growth, inflation & rates down: CBA's Gareth Aird 

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<div id="post-body-2934597644349298689" class="post-body entry-content">
<div class="separator">Some years ago there were doomsday predictions of a property correction in Australia since dwelling prices had reached three times the value of our Gross Domestic Product (the exact relevance of the three times figure was never adequately explained).</div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">Today, the ratio is just over 3.6 times, having ticked down slightly over the past six months of publicly available official figures.</div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">Is there a link between the two measures? Kind of, but it's not very strong.</div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">In fact, as a predictor of property prices the ratio has been useless in recent years. Actually, no, it's been worse than useless - it has been a contra-indicator!</div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">One problem with GDP is that it's historic in nature, so at best it tells you what was happening in the economy months ago - thus as an indicator of future outcomes it's necessarily all that useful.</div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">More pertinently this ratio doesn't make a lot of logical sense since it compares a <strong>stock</strong> value at a fixed point in time with a <strong>flow</strong>, being the value of goods and services produced over a specified period of time (in the example in the chart below, one year).   </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator"><a href="/images/2016/07/06/STOCK.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></div>
<div class="separator"><img src="/images/2016/07/06/STOCK.jpg" alt=""></div>
<br><div>Furthermore, some types of property in thinner markets fare much better in times of boom, and worse in times of bust. And some types of property in some inner suburban locations tend to outperform the averages over time, while properties is lower demand generally fail to keep pace with the averages.</div>
<div> </div>
<div class="separator"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Key national accounts aggregates</span></strong></div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">In today's electronically connected world, hordes have wanted to be the person to 'call' the next Australian recession. But the economy has proved to be surprisingly robust, with the annualised rate of GDP growth for the past six months accelerating to 3.6 per cent. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">The riposte has been that GDP is the "wrong" measure - we should ignore GDP and look at national income. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">It is indeed true that real (i.e. adjusted for inflation) gross national income has stalled, but then again Australia's commodity prices could not and did not grow to the sky, so this isn't necessarily that surprising. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">Another way to look at this is that national income has more than doubled over the past twenty years, even after accounting for inflation.</div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator"><a href="/images/2016/07/06/GDP.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator"><img src="/images/2016/07/06/GDP.jpg" alt=""></div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">Moreover, if GDP is an unreliable measure of the performance of the economy, how can it be a good measure of dwelling prices? Can't have it both ways! </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">National accounts</span></strong></div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">The national accounts provide us with a range of figures relating to the property markets, but as implied by the name of the data release the figures are national and backward-looking in nature, and therefore don't really tell us much of interest about what sub-regional property markets are up to or will be up to.</div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">As noted, the national accounts lag a bit, but broadly home owners owe about $1 trillion in mortgage debt, and investors about $550 billion. What is not so well shown by these figures is that mortgage buffers and offset accounts are also at record high levels. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator"><a href="/images/2016/07/06/DEBT1.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></div>
<div class="separator"><img src="/images/2016/07/06/DEBT1.jpg" alt=""></div>
<br><div>With dwelling price growth having outpaced the growth in household debt, gearing ratios have declined in recent years.</div>
<br><div class="separator"><a href="/images/2016/07/06/DEBT2.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></div>
<div class="separator"><img src="/images/2016/07/06/DEBT2.jpg" alt=""></div>
<br><div class="separator">None of which tells of much of any predictive value. We can all think of housing markets in Australia that are overvalued; but equally we can all name others where prices are getting walloped or have already crashed. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">If there is one ratio from the national accounts which is useful in predicting where to next for dwelling prices - and I'm not saying that there necessarily is - it's the ratio of housing interest payable to income. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">The actual quoted percentage figure is skewed lower since so many households have no mortgage debt at all, but has declined from a peak of 16.4 per cent in June 2008 to 9.7 per cent by December 2015. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">On this measure, mortgage repayments are more than 40 per cent cheaper than they were at their 2008 peak.</div>
<br><div class="separator"><a href="/images/2016/07/06/INTEREST%20PAYABLE.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></div>
<div class="separator"><img src="/images/2016/07/06/INTEREST%20PAYABLE.jpg" alt=""></div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rates heading lower?</span></strong></div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">It would be fair to say that if mortgage rates head back to where they were at their most recent peak of about 8 to 9 per cent, then many of Australia's housing markets are heading into correction territory. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">It's an interesting bet if you want to take it on. But money markets are begging to differ, with yields grinding out new lows in anticipation of possible Brexit turmoil. </div>
<div class="separator"> </div>
<div class="separator">Yesterday Australia's 10 year government bond yield fell to its lowest ever level at well below 2 per cent.</div>
<br><div class="separator"><a href="/images/2016/07/06/RBA.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></div>
<div class="separator"><img src="/images/2016/07/06/RBA.jpg" alt=""></div>
<br><div>Meanwhile, OIS rates are on a seek and destroy mission to crunch out new record lows, and they are winning that particular battle. We are now just one benign inflation print from seeing a new record low cash rate in August.</div>
<br><a href="/images/2016/07/06/OIS.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content">
<img src="/images/2016/07/06/OIS.jpg" alt=""><br><br><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The wrap</span></strong><br><br><div>GDP is a useful measure of the strength or otherwise of the economy. And over the long term stronger economic growth may be reflected in higher dwelling prices - but not necessarily so, since there are so many other contributory factors, such as tax settings or the supply of new dwellings, for example. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>It's true that property prices can fall during recessions. But then again they can fall when GDP is positive such as they did in 2011 and early 2012.<br><br>And what about China, where real GDP growth has slowed from above 13 per cent in 2007 to just 6.7 per cent (if you can call 6.7 per cent slow), yet house prices in Shenzhen have skyrocketed by more than 50 per cent within the past year?<br><br>Obviously there are many other factors at play than purely economic growth.  And if there is a correlation between GDP and dwelling stock valuations, it's a tenuous one. </div>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div class="post-footer"> 
<p><span><em>PETE WARGENT is the co-founder of <a href="https://allenwargent.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">AllenWargent</a> property buyers (London, Sydney) and a best-selling author and <a href="https://petewargent.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">blogger</a>.</em><br></span></p>
<p><em>His latest book is <a href="https://www.bigskypublishing.com.au/Books/General-Interest/Four-Green-Houses--and-a-Red-Hotel/1015/productview.aspx" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Four Green Houses and a Red Hotel</a>.</em></p>
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pwargent-M4siyDbqQY

The GDP myth and doomsday property predictions: Pete Wargent

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<h3 class="post-title entry-title"> </h3>
<div id="post-body-2781265956150443664" class="post-body entry-content">
<div>Australia's GDP increased to $1.67 trillion in financial year 2016, measured in seasonally adjusted Chain Volume Measures terms, now tracking at just above $420 billion per quarter.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Following on from yesterday's post, a quick look here at industry gross value added (GVA).</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Having accounted for just over 5 per cent of industry GVA three decades ago, mining's share has swelled to 8.9 percent as export volumes begin to ramp up.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Finance and insurance also now accounts for 8.9 per cent of industry GVA, up from just 4.9 per cent in 1986.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>You can click on the chart to expand it (or use the touch screen, if you have one of those, of course).</div>
<div> </div>
<div><a href="/images/2016/09/28/GVA.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></div>
<br><div class="separator"><img src="/images/2016/09/28/GVA.jpg" alt=""></div>
<br><div class="separator"> </div>
<div>On the other hand, manufacturing is shrinking as a share of the pie, declining from a share of 11.1 percent at the beginning of this chart to just 5.8 percent in 2016.</div>
<div> </div>
<div><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Construction wind-down</span></strong></div>
<div> </div>
<div>The latest figures show that the contribution of construction to GDP has remained solid at 7.6 per cent, tracking at around $32 billion per quarter.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>A decade ago construction was contributing only $13 to $14 billion per quarter. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>This suggests that the planned 'hand-off' from resources to residential construction was generally a success between 2012 and 2016. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>However, this does also mean that as residential construction eventually winds down there will be quite a hole in domestic demand to be plugged by something other than rising mining export volumes.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Given the respective skill-sets of all those construction workers, tradies, and project managers, the answer should be: infrastructure and non-residential construction, as I looked at in a bit more detail here. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>Indeed, the unprecedented stamp duty windfall from Sydney's property boom is already funding a range of infrastructure projects in Sydney and New South Wales. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>But what about the gaping gulf left behind in the resources regions? </div>
<div> </div>
<div>Troubling, and this may be leading to an exodus of regional workers. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<p><span><em>PETE WARGENT is the co-founder of <a href="https://allenwargent.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">AllenWargent</a> property buyers (London, Sydney) and a best-selling author and <a href="https://petewargent.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">blogger</a>.</em><br></span></p>
<p><em>His latest book is <a href="https://www.bigskypublishing.com.au/Books/General-Interest/Four-Green-Houses--and-a-Red-Hotel/1015/productview.aspx" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Four Green Houses and a Red Hotel</a>.</em></p>
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When construction winds down: Pete Wargent

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<p class="legacy"><strong><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.15999984741211px;">EXPERT OBSERVER</span></strong></p>
<p class="legacy"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.15999984741211px;">It became official on Wednesday. The Australian economy is in recession for the first time in nearly three decades.</span></p>
<p>And the drop in economic activity is unprecedented. GDP fell 7% in the June quarter. The previous biggest post-war fall in Australia was 2% in June 1974.</p>
<p>But Treasurer Josh Frydenberg noted that in March he was told the June quarter contraction might be 20%. In Britain it was.</p>
<p>Bookkeeping aside, the question that matters is how to fight this recession.</p>
<p>Answering it requires an understanding that it is a different type of recession to those we’ve seen before.</p>
<p>As I pointed out <a href="https://theconversation.com/vital-signs-covid-19-recession-is-different-and-we-need-more-stimulus-to-deal-with-it-141037" target="_blank">earlier this year</a> the recessions some of us grew up with in the early 1980s and 1990s were “business cycle” recessions.</p>
<p>They happened because the economy overtook its inbuilt speed limit and pushed up inflation. To curb it, central banks pushed up interest rates, pushed them up too far and choked off investment and spending, sending economic activity backwards.</p>
<h2>A recession like no other</h2>
<p>In 2020 we face a different sort of shock.</p>
<p>COVID-19 has hammered economic activity, even more so in countries such as the United States where it has run out of control.</p>
<p>Many of the opportunities we used to have to spend money (such as airlines, theatre tickets and cafe meals) simply haven’t been there.</p>
<p>They’ll come back when things return to closer to normal, perhaps though the wide deployment of a vaccine.</p>
<p>But we might not spend as we used to.</p>
<p>Some people, out of work or on shorter hours won’t have the capacity to spend. Others will want to rebuild their savings.</p>
<p>And others who have been saving big might decide to keep doing it.</p>
<hr>
<p><strong>Household saving ratio</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/355997/original/file-20200902-22-yq9rjf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/355997/original/file-20200902-22-yq9rjf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a> </p>
<p><em><span class="attribution"><span class="source">ABS Australian National Accounts</span></span></em></p>
<p>Australia’s household saving ratio surged to 19.7% in the June quarter.</p>
<p>It’s a peak not reached since 1974 at a time when there was much less of an age pension and superannuation, no Medicare and surging unemployment. In other words, its at a height not reached since people really needed to save.</p>
<p>The Bureau of Statistics says that if household income from all sources including early access to super was counted, the ratio is even higher. Its estimate of what it calls the “household experience savings ratio” is 24.8%.</p>
<p>That means households saved an extraordinary one in every four dollars that came through their doors in the June quarter, up from mere percentage points a few quarters earlier.</p>
<p>Much of it would have been what economists call <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/132/3/1427/3071924?casa_token=NaR4tX3aSioAAAAA:5a0tN7y4nXtjvyxhO1tit2wcRHuU-NmyYeUJD2Md_gw6wnoLrLkYAwfNWxBE4XkYCfTVh4NeLIfL4rQ" target="_blank">precautionary saving</a>, understandable given how much of the future is uncertain.</p>
<h2>There’s such a thing as too much saving</h2>
<p>But what if this extraordinarily high saving rate lasts beyond the point it is understandable, as it did in Japan.</p>
<p>As with Japan in the 1990s when saving soared, real interest rates are negative. We are so <a href="https://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/japtrap" target="_blank">keen to save</a> we don’t need a financial return.</p>
<p>There were signs of it worldwide, well before the pandemic. President’s Clinton’s Treasury Secretary Larry Summers referred to it as <a href="http://larrysummers.com/2016/02/17/the-age-of-secular-stagnation/" target="_blank">secular stagnation</a>, a term first coined in the 1930s.</p>
<p>Saving more than we are prepared to invest shrinks economic activity. It creates unemployment which itself creates uncertainly, prodding people to save still more than they invest.</p>
<p>It’s one of the reasons worldwide economic growth is low, interest rates are low, and inflation is low.</p>
<p>During the pandemic the government is spending more than A$100 billion on measures such as JobKeeper and JobSeeker.</p>
<h2>If we won’t spend, out government will have to</h2>
<p>Post pandemic it might have to keep spending big on physical and social infrastructure – things such as major projects and better aged care and health care.</p>
<p>If we won’t spend big again, it’ll have to. It’ll need to get the economy’s long term growth rate back up to 2%, or even the <a href="https://treasury.gov.au/speech/the-macroeconomic-context" target="_blank">near 3%</a> the Treasury thinks it is capable of.</p>
<p>It’ll require a lot. </p>
<p>Australia used to have one of the lowest company tax rates in the developed world, now we have one of the highest. We tax labour income too much and consumption too little. And we have a hopelessly out of date and absurdly complex industrial relations system.</p>
<p>Each of those things are a handbrake on economic growth.</p>
<p>This is an unusual recession and an unusually deep one.</p>
<p>Digging our way out will require us to at first contain and defeat the virus, and then spend like Keynes and <a href="https://www.afr.com/policy/economy/we-can-spend-like-keynes-and-cut-taxes-like-friedman-20200728-p55g2s" target="_blank">cut taxes like Friedman</a>.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/145484/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;"></p>
<p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/richard-holden-118107" target="_blank">Richard Holden</a>, Professor of Economics, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414" target="_blank">UNSW</a></em></span></p>
<p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/vital-signs-how-do-you-fight-a-recession-without-precedent-145484" target="_blank">original article</a>.</p>
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